Forms

Form components such as <input>, <textarea>, and <option> differ from other native components because they can be mutated via user interactions. These components provide interfaces that make it easier to manage forms in response to user interactions.

For information on events on <form> see Form Events.

Interactive Props #

Form components support a few props that are affected via user interactions:

• value, supported by <input> and <textarea> components.
• checked, supported by <input> components of type checkbox or radio.
• selected, supported by <option> components.

In HTML, the value of <textarea> is set via children. In React, you should use value instead.

Form components allow listening for changes by setting a callback to the onChange prop. The onChange prop works across browsers to fire in response to user interactions when:

• The value of <input> or <textarea> changes.
• The checked state of <input> changes.
• The selected state of <option> changes.

Like all DOM events, the onChange prop is supported on all native components and can be used to listen to bubbled change events.

Note:

For <input> and <textarea>, onChange supersedes — and should generally be used instead of — the DOM's built-in oninput event handler.

Controlled Components #

A controlled <input> has a value prop. Rendering a controlled <input> will reflect the value of the value prop.

  render() {
    return <input type="text" value="Hello!" />;
  }

User input will have no effect on the rendered element because React has declared the value to be Hello!. To update the value in response to user input, you could use the onChange event:

class MyForm extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
    super(props);    
    this.state = {value: 'Hello!'};
    this.handleChange = this.handleChange.bind(this);
  }

  handleChange(event) {
    this.setState({value: event.target.value});
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <input
        type="text"
        value={this.state.value}
        onChange={this.handleChange}
      />
    );
  }
}

In this example, we are accepting the value provided by the user and updating the value prop of the <input> component. This pattern makes it easy to implement interfaces that respond to or validate user interactions. For example:

  handleChange(event) {
    this.setState({value: event.target.value.substr(0, 140)});
  }

This would accept user input and truncate the value to the first 140 characters.

A Controlled component does not maintain its own internal state; the component renders purely based on props.

Potential Issues With Checkboxes and Radio Buttons #

Be aware that, in an attempt to normalize change handling for checkbox and radio inputs, React uses a click event in place of a change event. For the most part this behaves as expected, except when calling preventDefault in a change handler. preventDefault stops the browser from visually updating the input, even if checked gets toggled. This can be worked around either by removing the call to preventDefault, or putting the toggle of checked in a setTimeout.

Uncontrolled Components #

An <input> without a value property is an uncontrolled component:

  render() {
    return <input type="text" />;
  }

This will render an input that starts off with an empty value. Any user input will be immediately reflected by the rendered element. If you wanted to listen to updates to the value, you could use the onChange event just like you can with controlled components.

An uncontrolled component maintains its own internal state.

Default Value #

If you want to initialize the component with a non-empty value, you can supply a defaultValue prop. For example:

  render() {
    return <input type="text" defaultValue="Hello!" />;
  }

This example will function much like the Controlled Components example above.

Likewise, <input type="checkbox"> and <input type="radio"> support defaultChecked, and <select> supports defaultValue.

Note:

The defaultValue and defaultChecked props are only used during initial render. If you need to update the value in a subsequent render, you will need to use a controlled component.

Advanced Topics #

Why Controlled Components? #

Using form components such as <input> in React presents a challenge that is absent when writing traditional form HTML. For example, in HTML:

  <input type="text" name="title" value="Untitled" />

This renders an input initialized with the value, Untitled. When the user updates the input, the node's value property will change. However, node.getAttribute('value') will still return the value used at initialization time, Untitled.

Unlike HTML, React components must represent the state of the view at any point in time and not only at initialization time. For example, in React:

  render() {
    return <input type="text" name="title" value="Untitled" />;
  }

Since this method describes the view at any point in time, the value of the text input should always be Untitled.

Why Textarea Value? #

In HTML, the value of <textarea> is usually set using its children:

  <!-- antipattern: DO NOT DO THIS! -->
  <textarea name="description">This is the description.</textarea>

For HTML, this easily allows developers to supply multiline values. However, since React is JavaScript, we do not have string limitations and can use \n if we want newlines. In a world where we have value and defaultValue, it is ambiguous what role children play. For this reason, you should not use children when setting <textarea> values:

  <textarea name="description" value="This is a description." />

If you do decide to use children, they will behave like defaultValue.

Why Select Value? #

The selected <option> in an HTML <select> is normally specified through that option's selected attribute. In React, in order to make components easier to manipulate, the following format is adopted instead:

  <select value="B">
    <option value="A">Apple</option>
    <option value="B">Banana</option>
    <option value="C">Cranberry</option>
  </select>

To make an uncontrolled component, defaultValue is used instead.

Note:

You can pass an array into the value attribute, allowing you to select multiple options in a select tag: <select multiple={true} value={['B', 'C']}>.

Imperative operations #

If you need to imperatively perform an operation, you have to obtain a reference to the DOM node. For instance, if you want to imperatively submit a form, one approach would be to attach a ref to the form element and manually call form.submit().